Your comments and questions:

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Q:  Kel, I'm still confused about "gaslighting". It seems to me the way it is used and named as such today, that it is more like "baiting", in that it causes a flare up in response, as with lighting the gas. Can you explain a little more about the general understanding of the word please?
Thanks for your emails and Wednesday appearances on the telly. Catherne

A:  It's from the movie "Gaslight' in which a murderous husband persuades his young wife not to believe the evidence of her own eyes. So, a politician is gaslighting us when he says "Don't trust your senses or your logic, just believe what I say." 

Q:  Where does Ponzi scheme comes from and what does it mean? Serge

A:  A form of fraud in which belief in the success of a non-existent enterprise is fostered by payment of quick returns to first investors using money invested by others; any system which operates on the principle of using the investments of later contributors to pay early contributors. Named after the con man who invented the idea around 1920 in New York -- Charles Ponzi

Q:  Hello Kel, would like to know where the expression "Indian summer" came from. Thank You. Diane

A:  There are several explanations for where the phrase came from, mostly put forward in the early nineteenth century, which suggested the term was of sufficient antiquity by then that its origin had gone out of living memory. William and Mary Morris suggest it came about because the word “Indian” had been adopted as a term among early colonists to describe something false, or a poor imitation of the real thing, as in Indian corn or Indian tea. Whatever the reason, this name for a short period of fine weather at the end of autumn is now the standard term.

Q:  Something that puzzled me as a child -- negatives that don’t have a positive, eg - dis gruntled (I would love to feel “gruntled”. Others have occurred to me but won’t pop out of my head now. 

Other examples of “untoward” are disabused (enlightened) and dismayed (and what would “mayed” mean anyway? Greg

A: The positives once existed for 'gruntled', 'sheveled', and 'peccable'.

Q:  Which is the CORRECT term: "I couldn't care less" or " I could care less". I have always used the former and I believe it is the only one that makes sense. The latter is used almost exclusively by Americans, and they swear by it. Are you able to help out? Thanks Kel. Regards, James  

A: The only one which makes any sense (logically) is "I couldn't care less" -- meaning: "I care about this so very little I couldn't possibly care less!"

Q:  I regularly see the incorrect use of the term' You and I' when it should be 'You and me".
e.g. "You and I' may agree on a certain course of action, but whatever is decided won't have any effect on 'You and me' when often the words You and I are expressed in the latter part of the above. Maybe worth a comment on Peta Credlin in the next week or two. It really annoys me. Ross.

A: Added to Peta's list.

Q:  Whatever happened to Gazillions? Terence

A: 'Gazillion' (just like 'zillion' from which it is formed) is a 'large but indefinite about (Oxford) -- while billion and trillion are precise amounts.

Q:  Hi Kel, I seem to keep hearing the term catfished or catfishing. I think I know what it means but where the heck did it come from? Aileen.

A: 'Catfished' is being deceived online by someone adopting a false persona -- pretending to be someone they are not. The word is recorded from 2010.  Use in this sense derives from the title of the 2010 documentary film Catfish, which concerns this kind of deception. Within the documentary, the husband of a woman who has been adopting a fictional online persona refers to her as a catfish (in this case with positive connotations), drawing on the concept of the fish as an invigorating or enlivening force, based on the (probably false) idea that catfish were once used in the transportation of cod. There's a quote from 2010 that says: 'The catfish will keep the cod agile. And there are those people who are catfish in life, and they keep you on your toes. They keep you guessing, they keep you thinking, they keep you fresh.' It has now become entirely negative. 

Q:  EORA: Probably the most respected source on Sydney Aboriginal people is Val Attenbrow (Senior Research Fellow at the Australian Museum, archaeologist and author).  Her classic book -- Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records, 2002, University of NSW Press -- was written after years of research (1989-1996) on the Port Jackson Archaeological Project.  In it she states (p.35): "The term Eora ... is used today in a variety of contexts to refer to the original inhabitants of the area between Port Jackson and Botany Bay or sometimes to the people of the whole of the Sydney region.  However, neither the early colonial accounts nor the late 19th century anthropologists or linguists use the term in this manner.  Earliest references to this term are in wordlists compiled by First Fleet officers William Dawes, David Collins, Philip Gidley King and Daniel Southwell".  She goes on to say that Dawes spelt it "Eeora" and said it meant "men or people"; Collins Spelt it Eo-ra" and said it was the "name common for the natives"; King said it meant "men or people", and spelt it variously as "Eo-ra" and "Yo-ra", etc.  Only Collins' accounts use Eora in context: "I then asked him where the black men (or Eora) came from", and Attenbrow comments: "Neither the word lists nor the contexts in which eora is used in these early accounts suggest the word eora was associated with a specific group of people or a language".  It was not until 1943 that Eora was used more widely as a "tribal name" (e.g. in Tindale's 1974 map of Aboriginal Tribes of Australia).  Attenbrow adds they did this although "there was no evidence that Aboriginal people had used it in 1788 as the name of a language or group of people inhabiting the Sydney peninsula". Likewise, Jacqueline Troy (considered an authority on indigenous languages of the Sydney area), states that Yura (her preferred orthography for Eora) was the "Sydney language word for 'person', though it was not used to refer to non-Aboriginal people". She reiterates this in Macquarie Aboriginal Words (ed. Thieberger & McGregor), 1994):  "Iyora (yura) is the Sydney language word for 'person' and was first used in the mid-twentieth century as a language name". p.61). I hope this helps, -Tony 

A: Thanks Tony -- it's a great help.

Q:  What is the origin of 'doing my head in' thank you. Paula

A: This is a British, Australian and New Zealand colloquialism, recorded from the late 60s/early 70s. It means being exasperated or annoyed. 

Q:  We aussies know where wipper-snipper came from, but what about wipper snapper?
My Dear Mother used it often (she'd be 98 years old now if she was still with us). Brian

A: 'Whippersnapper' was used to mean 'child' for many years (not heard much these days (not heard much anymore). It comes from the 1600s, from a word that originally meant 'a diminutive or insignificant person.' By 1700 it was being used of a young person. It's literal meaning (originally) was 'a snapper of whips'. So, it might have come from the notion that a 'cracker of whips' was a young person in an insignificant job of herding animals.

Q: Re: Aboriginal placename -- and calling the Sydney basin 'Eora land':  Well said!  And even the name, Eora, is not an Aboriginal tribal name; it was made up by the early colonists as a general name for the various Sydney groups. Tony

A: This is news to me. 'Eora' is not in the Australian National Dictionary or in any of the dictionaries of Aboriginal words/placenames on my shelves. I will do some research.

CHILDREN'S READING

Your column on 'children reading' has prompted me to write - I was addicted to Enid Blyton too and it has left me with a lifetime love of words. The naughtiest thing I ever did at school when I found a library book I had not read, I would lay it down sideways at the back of the shelf so it was there for me the next week, back in the 1950's we were only taken to the library once a week and one book at a time - that was never enough for me. My dad always encouraged me to read the comic strips in the newspapers too and as I grew, it led me to browse the rest of the paper and has led to a keen interest in current affairs. Our own children thrived on the Ladybird 'Talkabout' books - as they got older and had favourite stories, we all knew them off by heart and sometimes we would entertain Daddy with an impromptu 'play' - reciting the various parts!
We have 11 grandchildren, and they never went to bed without a story - I used to substitute their names for the heroes of the story, and they loved it!! Kaye

Kel in my family it was the series of Selby the Talking Dog by Duncan Ball. In particular my brother would voraciously read these books. And then as you will know, ever year in school they have ‘Book Week.’ Duncan Ball came to visit one year and that was a real thrill. I recall giving him an illustration of Selby which I had done and asked him to sign. Well he wanted to keep the illustration. I told him I wanted to keep it but I felt so bad. So we found out he was presenting at our local library. I dashed off another illustration and presented it to him at the library for him to keep. Cheers, Adam

Thanks Kel, for reminding me of one of my favourite childhood memories. Enid Blyton's Secret Seven and Famous Five series were my introduction to the joys of reading. My wife (who grew up in England) enjoyed the same experience. Many of the books have found their way to our nieces and nephews. The tradition continues.  Leo

Regarding your children’s reading books, I too grew up reading Enid Blyton’s Famous Five and Secret Seven books. I also read and re-read her Mallory Towers and St Clare’s schoolgirl series (your granddaughter might enjoy them too). In my teens I read the Nancy Drew detective novels. If you asked me what my all-time favourite childhood book was though, it’s Gerald Durrell’s My Family and Other Animals. Imagine a child growing up in the dreary north of England reading a book filled with the sunshine of Corfu. I’ve read that story again and again over the years. It never fails to entertain. Liz

Hi Kel, in response to today’s article, I also loved all of Enid Blyton’s books, including the Famous Five and Secret Seven. I loved horses and found all of the Pullein Thompson sisters books at my local library. There were many and they kept me going for quite a while, and my library habit is still going strong now I’m in seventies. When I became a primary school teacher in 1970 I knew that a love of reading was key to everything, so tried to pass that on to my students by reading to them every day for fifteen minutes. I usually started the year with Charlotte’s Web, which they all loved, then some by Mary Patchett and others. Once I had the whole class write to Mary Patchett with their little illustrated stories taken from her book, and wonderfully she wrote back to us, including a comment on every child’s work. Naturally I was thrilled on their behalf and realise now that to an elderly Australian author living in the UK it would also have been thrilling for her to receive a huge envelope filled with childish enthusiasm. Now I’m reading Charlotte’s Web to my six-year-old granddaughter who has just started reading, and every time she visits, she immediately asks for more chapters, which is very satisfying to me! Your column this morning took me straight back to lovely memories of my youth, walking the two-mile round trip to the library at least once a week to stock up on great stories. Thanks for all of your articles which I enjoy reading and send on to my sister in Kansas every day, Warm regards from Barb  

Out of curiosity I asked my 82-year-old father what his favourite childhood book was. His response … Eve Garnett’s Family from One End Street series. Entertaining reading for children and adults alike. I’m sure you will have read them. Cheers, Liz

I was brought up by my parents on reading lots of books, but I really remember enjoying the “Millie Mollie Mandy” books. Do you know of them? I don’t remember how many there were but they definitely influenced my outlook on life. I wonder if they are still available? They are probably not ‘woke’ enough now. But I do enjoy reading a lot. I have a great pile of half-read books beside my bed. (My hubby used to say he knew when i was asleep as the book fell on the floor!) Heather

Young teenage son: Read him “Hitchhikers guide to the galaxy, a trilogy in five books” by Douglas Adams. He wrote for Dr Who, Red Dwarf and other sci-fi parody, a little formulaic, but still entertaining.

Hi Kel, all our family love reading - I used to hide a bike lamp under my pillow and read under the covers! As a librarian I found there was a lot of snobbery around Enid Blyton - she was formulaic, all the stories were too similar, plus of course the usual racist/sexist/colonialist garbage - and the accusation that she'd written so many books - around 700 - that people would still be reading them in their late teens, thus being infantilised! I found they were a great tool to get kids reading.

I looked forward to The School Friend comic and looked forward to it coming out every Friday. My husband read all the boys comics. Anita. (I read a boys' weekly paper called "The Eagle"--Kel)

Probably you & I, like many ‘boomers’, had the advantage of spending our true ‘childhood’ in the pre-televisual era, so the only ‘moving visual narratives’, apart from trips to ‘the flicks’, were in our own imagination, stimulated by words. Probably the first ‘books’ I can remember were ‘Little Golden Books’ from before my actual ability to read independently, but that capability was developed during the depths of a miserable winter in 1950/51 in London, when my father attended London Uni on an international postgrad scholarship. I cut my teeth on ‘Beano’ & ‘Dandy’ weekly comics, but the graduation to ‘proper’ books came with Arthur Ransome’s incomparable ‘Swallows and Amazons’ yarns, starting when I was 6. They were followed by C.S. Lewis’ ‘Narnia’ stories, Ivan Southall’s ‘Simon Black’ adventures and hundreds more: 2 fiction & 2 non-fiction books every Saturday from the Earlwood library until I was at High School. John

My children were born in a time when the little golden books were in. I bought the first book while pregnant with my first child and started reading it to them while still in my womb.  Lucy

Similarly to your daughter, my parents bought us a Disney comic each week, and it was from them that I developed a love of words, as Donald Duck and his nephews were forever getting words mixed up.  So I learned the meanings of gyroscope, lepidoptera, efficiency, pickling a specimen, prospecting, flintlock, blunderbuss, tout de suite, etc., all while I was in primary school. Consequently, as a teacher for 45 years, I always had Disney, Garfield, Peanuts and other comics in the classroom for kids to read. Tony

Hi Kel, my son, now in his forties, was “captured” from his pre-school years by me reading him a segment of The Silver Brumby series by Elyse Mitchell every day.  This lasted for a few years until he could read well enough to take control himself.  He has well and truly joined the ranks of the life-long readers. Really enjoy your column, Di

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Q:  Would you please comment on these two contemporarily apt words: (1) Tailgating (2) Corflute. Thank you, Bronia 

A: 'Tailgate" (drive too close to the car in front) in American (from 1962). It arose because the back boards on a cart were once called the 'tailgate'. I'll write about 'corflute' soon in a column.

Q:  Hi Kel, we are hearing a lot about "sliding doors moment" -- I've heard Peter Dutton use it. Could you tell me what this means please? It seems to be a recent addition to the vocabulary. Regards, John  

A: It comes from the title of the 1998 Gwyneth Patrow movie "Sliding Doors" in which the future changes for her character depending on whether or not she goes through the sliding doors on a London underground train. 

Q: “out of whack” -- where did the saying come from and how old is it? Shirley

A: First recorded in Texas in 1885. The experts best guess is that it started out in life as 'out of thwack' -- and, in turn, 'thwack' was an onomatopoeic word that named a hit or a slap. 'Thwack' goes back to the 1500s, and this 1885 Texan version seems to suggest that one is out of energy, too tired, and so weak that he's unable to raise a hand to even slap his horse. 

Q:   I'm hoping you can advise the meanings of both 'billion' and 'trillion', particularly in Australia, but also in USA, Jennie

A: Originally there was a British billion (which was one million million) and an American billion (which was one thousand million). The American billion is now accepted worldwide, even by the British. Something similar has happened to trillion. It is now usually accepted as being one thousand billion (10 to the power of 12). There was once (briefly) an older version that said it was a billion billion (10 to the power of 18) but that seems to have gone by the board. 

Q:   Where does the saying “put that in your pipe and smoke it” come from. Brian  

A:  From around 1800. It seems to have begun as an Irish expression meaning -- " just think about that for a minute". Possibly from the thoughtful appearance of many smokers. Now it just means: ‘That’s got you, hasn’t it? That made you stop and think!”

Q:  Can you explain the origin and meaning of Vox Pop? Michael

A: It's a bit of Latin Vox Populi meaning 'voice of the people' -- hence, interviews in street with passers-by are called 'vox pops' in radio and TV. Originally it was part of a longer Latin phrase Vox populi vox dei --meaning the voice of the people is the voice of God.

Q: Oliver asks for the origin of the name of the 'Tory' (Conversative) party?

A: The word seems to come from an Irish word in the 1600s meaning 'outlaw'. In the English Civil War, it was applied to Royalists who opposed Cromwell and the Parliamentarians. As a political label it seems to have been applied first the supporters of the restoration of the crown in 1688.  Those early Torries were supporters of the executive power of the Crown and the authority of other established institutions, e.g. the episcopacy of the Church of England.  Many remained Jacobites at the time of the Hanoverian Succession (1714). Their character changed when they were joined by a faction of disaffected Whigs--and in 1830 they formally became the Conservative party. Whig started in Scotland as a name for the Covenanters and seems to come from a Scottish word meaning 'poor, yokels, country bumpkins. So, both 'Tory' and 'Whig' started as slurs that were (as is so often the case) adopted by the people they were aimed at as badges of honour and their preferred name.

Q:  I would like to know the origin of the phrase ‘It is not over until the fat lady sings’ Kath

A: So would everyone, Kath! The earliest citation so far discovered is from an American sports program from 1978.  However, it is actually a rather older expression, which occurs in several forms: It ain’t over till the fat lady sings, The opera isn’t over until the fat lady sings, or Church ain’t out ’till the fat lady sings. Research continues.

Q:  Is there a difference between a crisis and an existential crisis?  Geoffrey

A:  'Existential' means 'relating to existence' -- so an 'existential crisis' is one that threatens existence. Many a crisis can happen between now and ceasing to exist! 

Q:  I read an article where it referenced an interview "winding down", and the thought occurred to me that if I substituted " winding up", that it would virtually still have the same meaning, despite up and down being complete opposites. Your thoughts? John.

A: Both come from the days of clockwork -- and they are different in meaning. 'Winging up' is usually used to mean 'completing' -- when a clock is fully wound the job is complete. (Although it is sometimes used to mean 'tense' -- as tense as a fully wound spring.) 'Winding down' meanings grinding to a halt, becoming like a stopped clock. 

Q:   I have just finished watching Outsiders and Rita Panahi mentioned an acronym that I have never heard before. It was AWFUL, standing for Affluent White Female Liberals. Is this a new acronym or have I just missed it? I would love to know its origins. Also, James Morrow used cashiered to mean fired, is this a common American usage? Many thanks, Susan 

A: In 2022 Scott McKay, writing in 'The American Spectator referred to an existing acronym AWFL (Affluent White Females Liberals) which he said was 'good but not perfect' and he turned it into AWFUL standing for Affluent White Female Urban Leftists -- which spells out an appropriate word. The earliest citation for the original, shorter, AWFL version is from 2020 from The American sun, where Jackson Andrews said AWFL had replaced the earlier label of 'Karen' -- the name for the self-important white woman who demands to speak to the manager. 

Q:  Hello Kel, always like your segment on Credlin. I have a word that I would like your opinion on. The word is subliminal. Most sub things are below things. Like sub-standard etc. Thanks Andrew 

A: Subliminal means 'below the level of conscious perception' so it is still a 'below' word. It is  below the threshold (limen) required for conscious perception. Also (more generally): below the threshold required to elicit a response. 

Q:   It occurred to me that we say nonchalant but not chalant. Why is that? Surely the non indicates it is the opposite of the word it attaches to e.g non carcinogenic. Adam

A: Because the Old French source word is a single word -- not a composite word with a negative prefix.

Q:  From Vs Off. I was taught that the only thing you take off someone is their clothes, every thing else you take from them. I would love to see your comments in the Spectator. If elsewhere please advise. Timothy

A: Keep watching my column in the Speccie -- I'll research an answer for you.

Q:  Hi Kel, I'm interested in the term hard and fast and would love to know its origins.  Susan

A: It comes from attachment of bolts back in the 1300s to hold timbers together (very large bolts!). If they had been turned hard, then they were fast (short for 'fastened'). 

Q:  The word Tariff has been prominent lately. Where does it come from? Why is there one R and two FFs, instead of two RRs and one F? Denis

A: The spelling reflects the Italian source word 'tariffa' (meaning a book of rates for duties).

Q:  Can you tell me how the word ‘just’, used since ancient times in a legal sense to imply right versus wrong, became an adverb as in ‘just a minute’ or ‘it’s just one of those things’. Bruce

A: 'Just' as an adjective means "exactly, precisely; actually; very closely" (1400s) but a century earlier it meant ' lawful, legitimate, rightful, deserved, fair' -- both of which reflect aspects of the classical Latin source word iustus.

Q: Kel, you omitted mention of the best stanza, the ‘real’ second verse of ‘AAF’, which my parents set me to sing in my 5 year old treble to our neighbour in the London flats where we lived in 1950/51 when my father was studying at London Uni on a Nuffield Fellowship:
“When gallant Cook from Albion sailed, to trace wide oceans o’er,

True British courage bore him on, ‘til he landed on our shore.

And here he raised old England’s flag, the standard of the brave,

With all her faults, we love her still: Britannia rules the wave!”
She chuckled indulgently: “Britain, faults? Oh, dear me, how charming!” Cheers, John 

A: We never seem to sing that verse these days!

Q:  My grandson asked why we say “climbing the walls “?  Constance

A: It seems to have appeared in the 19th century -- and it comes from the notion of being confined: either in a prison or a high security mental asylum. In either case, it paints a picture of a confined person in a small space -- desperate for freedom and driven crazy by the small space.  Now used of anyone who is going crazy from frustration in any situation -- they are said to be 'climbing the walls.'

Q:  I just received information from my local council inviting me to attend a workshop which is
"a presentation on creating positive auspicing relationships. Auspicing is a strategic way for organisations to work together to provide services or activities" Can you explain this gobbledegook? John

A: "Auspice" is a noun (and only a noun). It can never be a verb. So, this nonsense seems to have been written by a semiliterate halfwit trying to sound pompous and important.

Q:  Hi Kel, why is the word "CLUB" used for and organisation and for a weapon or equipment like in golf? Cheers, Ivan. 

A:   They seem to be different words that are accidental homonyms. The cudgel meaning comes from an old Scandinavian word klubba while the association meaning seems to come from a Middle Dutch word culve, which became klobe in German and then club in English.  

Q:  Great debate at the golf club yesterday about the use of a or an before words with h, for example: an hotel, an historian. Is there a clear rule? Regards, Tony

A:  Yes, the official ruling in today's style guides is to use "a" before hotel/historian etc. But be sure to clearly pronounce the "h" at the start of the noun that follows the definite article. It's our failure to pronounce the "h" that leads us astray. 

Q:  Where does "Fly off the hand" originate? Thank you, Vicki 

A: It's American in origin (1832) and comes from the way a lose axe head can fly off its handle (and do a lot of damage!) -- so it means 'out of control' (the axeman having no control over where the lose axe goes).

Q:  I was having an eye test yesterday and at the completion of the assessment, asked the (young) optometrist whether I had a 'clean bill of health'? She had no idea what I was talking about. It occurred to me that I have always used the phrase (I'm 73) since I can remember, but now that the young optometrist raises the issue, what exactly does it mean? Shane

A: Originally (from 1642) a 'bill of health' was a declaration or a confirmation of a person's state of health (sometimes required for legal reasons in those days). A 'clean bill of health' was what is sounds like -- a good report.

Q:  Paul Keating once said, “it’s a terribly good budget”. Was it Terrible? Or good? David

A: Originally (from the late 1400s) 'terribly' meant painful or terrifying. But over the centuries it has been weakened into a meaningless intensifier.

Q:  The origin of the term "A dog's breakfast"? Hendrix

A: It means a confused mess. Recorded from 1892 (sometimes as 'dog's dinner') from the fact that (at the time) dogs were commonly fed with a mess of scraps and leftovers.

Q:  Hi Kel. Origin of You give me the Willy’s” please? Thanks, David 

A: It means "You make me feel nervous." It began as childish slang in the United States -- recorded from 1895. It puzzles us now, because it is a shortened form of a once longer expression: 'willie wobbles' (coined for the alliteration). So, you give me the willies was a way of saying you give me the wobbles -- which is a better name for a nervous reaction.

Q:  Hi Kel, It is becoming more prevalent to hear people, even those who should know better, speaking about "abolishment" instead of "abolition". (Front page of today's Oz, in the building industry article.) To me, this is similar to people saying they are "wrapped" with something good! Care to have a crack at abolishment?? Cheers, Helen

A:  Sorry -- it's a real word, recorded from 1538. 

Q:  Hi Kel, one term that drives me nuts is "solar farms". Ditto "wind farms".

As I posted on the Oz today - Can we please stop calling wind and solar installations "farms"? They are not and never will be farms. Farms grow living things - plants and animals. Calling them "farms" is just another example of the Left twisting and misusing our beautiful language for its own malign ends. As you are correctly showing in your excellent articles the abuse of our language regularly committed by leftist activists, you may wish to run this one, if you haven't already.

Best regards and keep up the great work. Helen 

A:  I have written about this, and I prefer 'solar factor' and 'wind factory' -- because they are today's 'dark satanic mills' destroying the landscape. 

Q:  Dear Kel, I loved reading your explanation of "learnings", in particular your mention of narcissism as a determinant of the muddled speech we are assaulted with daily. When I was at university, studying teaching (there's some irony ahead), most of my lecturers referred to 'multiple learnings' when considering what they then defined as 'teachable moments'. This was after the tutorial before mine had a slide describing 'includement' (no, really). Maybe the power had gone to their heads, who knows? Whatever the answer, it made me wince. I wonder if you've ever introduced 'teachable moments' to your Ozwords disciples? Or perhaps academic language as a general theme? Anders

A: A good thought -- perhaps I should write a column on this!

Thank you for the bonzer work you do,  

Q: At college I was told we need to "decolonize" the curriculum. It turned out this meant we should get rid of Shakespeare, Dickens and the like. Please tell me about this word "decolonize"? Melanie.

A: "Decolonize" is a perfectly legitimate word, with a legitimate meaning -- which is now being perverted for puzzling reasons. The legitimate meaning of "decolonize" is for a colonial power to hand over it powers and authority to the local community. This happened repeatedly during the 20th century. However, it is an abuse of language to claim that abolishing some of the treasures of western civilisation is "decolonizing" -- is not. Shakespeare, Dickens and the line are not part of some colonial culture -- they are our culture, and they are native to any nation where English is the national language.

Q:  I read that there’s a new word in town…  ‘sustainment’. What on earth is that? And what does it mean? And is it a real word? John

A: First recorded around 1500 it is the action of sustaining. However, this is probably not an old word revived, but a new word intended to convey the notion of 'sustaining' -- the trendy Woke word for rejecting fossil fuels and just using things up, but instead 'sustaining' the planet.  

Q:  Where does the saying: To blot one’s copy book, come from? Elaine

A: It's recorded from 1598, when schoolboys were required to copy lessons into a 'copybook' in 'fair writing.' They were dipping their pens (or quills) into a pot of ink, so the easiest mistake to make was to ger a blot of ink onto the page -- for which they would be disciplined. Once the expression was common it was used figuratively to mean any fault, or misdemeanour or gaffe that spoiled one's record.

Q:  A common expression is 'sound asleep'; but we don't say (I don't think anyway), 'sound awake'.  Regards, Michael

A: 'Sound asleep' comes from the 12th century, and behind it is a Germanic (Old English) source word meaning complete, or in good health (free from injury or infirmity). There is a sense in which a state of sleep can be 'complete' or 'whole' (meaning that the sleeper is completely unconscious). The same cannot (in all probability) be said of the state of being awake. 

Q: What is the origin of "when push comes to shove"? And is it still being used correctly? Rick

A: The expression seems to come from the late 1800s, and most commentators say it was born in the sport of rugby -- especially when the scrum packs down. The notion is that a "shove" is much tougher than a "push" -- so it means "when things get tough, will you be tough enough?" And yes, I think it is (generally speaking) still be used correctly: when the scrum of life packs down, will so-and-so be tough enough to win the scrum?

Q:  Why is Islamophobia defined as a hatred of the religion Islam or Muslim people. I always thought phobia was a fear of something. Therefore, to be Islamophobic is to be fearful of Islam not to have a hatred? Juanita.

A:   Yes, it is a badly formed word -- just like many similar words (homophobia, transphobia etc.) They have all been coined by the ignorant to deceive the gullible. 

Q:   I am curious the know the origin of "the straw that broke the camel's back" a very often used term, Peter 

A: It seems to have been coined by British philosopher Thomas Hobbes in the 17th century. He was engaged in a debate about causality, when he wrote about "the last Feather may be said to break a Horses Back." This is clearly the same concept in only slightly different words. Within 50 years it had changed to the version that we know. 

Q:  Hi Kel, I am a professor at an Australian university and have worked for various universities for over 40 years. One of our jobs is to mentor students in research degrees (e.g. honours, masters, PhD). In this role we used to be called "supervisors" but in more recent times we have been called "advisors" (this term is currently used). I don't know why the change in terminology and wonder what the difference between supervisor and advisor is. Many thanks, cheers Alan 

A: The two words are closely related, with the 'visor' part of both words being related to 'vision' or 'looking.' A 'supervisor' 'looks over' what is happening to take responsibility for it -- exactly the same concept as 'overseer.' 'Advisor' means someone who witnesses (looks over) something for the purpose of giving advice.

Q:  There is actually a breve.  Looks like a semi-breve with two little vertical strokes on each side of it.  It goes on for so long you think it is never going to stop.  So, it is hard to understand why its name means “short”. Alan

A: You are right about the meaning of 'breve' -- it is actually a variation on 'brief'!

Q:  Kel, is there a special rule about when to use: - "hemi-" vs "demi-" vs "semi-"? (Semicircle/hemisphere!) Regards, Bill

A: All those prefixes mean the same thing "a half" -- 'hemi' comes from a Greek root while the other two both comes from Latin roots. There is a pattern of the Greek sourced prefix (hemi) being attached to a Greek sourced noun (hence 'hemisphere') and one of the Latin sourced prefixes being attached to a Latin sourced noun (hence 'semicircle'). The big word (hemidemisemiquaver) has clearly been constructed to mean 'a half of a half of a half.'

Q:  Where does the saying “As a rule of thumb come from”. Could you explain this on the Peta Credlin show please. Judith

A: There is an old myth that this was based on a British law that allowed a man to hit his wife with a rod -- as long as the rod was no thicker than a man's thumb. Complete nonsense! No such law ever existed. The truth is that this was originally just a rough form of measurement -- like the word 'foot.' Before rulers and calipers builders used parts of the human body as a way of measuring.

Q:  Just read a word that I am not sure exists in our language: legitimating. It appeared in The Australian today, 14.3.25 in an article written by one of the most literate of contributors. Please let me know which of us is right. Ida

A: A perfectly real word -- it means 'to make legal, to legalise.'

Q: Where does "conny wacker" come from. You were called one if you went to a catholic school. Tricia

A: This is strangely obscure. The Urban Dictionary has an entry saying that 'connywackers' (one word) were: 'Students of Taree's Catholic High School' as in 'These connywackers are overloading the bus.' 'Connie' (or 'conny') is an old slang term for a conductor on a tram or bus (an obvious abbreviation) -- so were these 'connywackers' kids who were rude to the conductor?

Q:  When did we start saying ‘fat chance’ of something happening? Adam

A: There is considerable uncertainty about this -- but it seems to have been born in the United Sates in the middle of the 20th century. It seems it was first used (and is still used!) as irony or sarcasm. "Fat" always means 'an abundance' or 'a lot.' And when there is the opposite -- very little chance -- the ironic or sarcastic comment is 'fat chance.'

Q:  I remember in my younger days the saying “doubling up”. Now I constantly hear “doubling down”. Are they the same and if so, what happened? Dudley

A: No, they are different expressions. 'Double up' means 'bent' or 'folded' -- as in 'his knees doubled up under him.' (From the 1600s.) 'Double down' is a gambling expression meaning to increase one's bet -- figuratively it's used to mean an increase in your commitment. (From the mid 20th century.)

Q:   I heard a Sky News commentator use the word "iota' today as in...."Trump could not give one IOTA about what Turnbull said." Where did IOTA come from, what does it mean and is it short for something? Daryl

A:  An 'iota' is the smallest letter in the ancient Greek alphabet -- roughly the equivalent of our lower case 'i'. So 'not giving one iota' means not caring even a very small bit.  

Q:  Hi Kel, Here's a new one for me - Larping. The poor distressed author has found out that many businesses have just been pretending to care about "climate change" and DEI and other Marxist rubbish.  A really a pain! Helen

A: 'Larping' means ' When someone is pretending to be something they’re not. Can involve lying on social media/internet or lying in real life. Often used in a derogatory sense' (Urban Dictionary). This strange new word is recorded from 1990. It started as a noun, an acronym--'Larp' from the initials of 'Live-Action role-playing' -- in which players in fantasy games play characters in those games. From the nou it became a verb (hence 'larping') and this was then used figuratively for people or corporations who (in real life!) were pretending to be what they are not (to achieve some goal).  
 

Q:  I heard Rowan Dean use an expression that my late father used... Mrs Kafoops. What's its history? Regards, Bill  

A: Defined as "an arbitrary use of a jocular name." It's an Aussie invention, recorded from 1924. It had a number of uses: (1) a woman whose name you didn't know; (2) a neighbour or typical woman; (3) a self-important, pretentious, snobby woman. 

Q:  Hi Kel. What is the correct pronunciation (if there is such a thing) of Canberra. Is it "CAN-bra" or is there ANY emphasis on the e and therefore Can-BERR-a. Cheers, Ervin

A:  My ancient book about Australian placename pronunciations (published by the ABC in the early 1960s) says CAN-berra.

Q:  Kel, it drives me nuts -- ALBO's commonly used phrase: "We got your back ". Does this sound odd to you? Paul

A: This started out as Black American slang (recorded from 1977) in the context of street fighting -- meaning "we'll stand back-to-back with you and defend you from the attacks you can't see coming." It doesn't make a lot of sense in the context of cyclone victims.